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7.
M.Y. KHAN, FARAH KHAN AND N. HAQUE
Global
warming and stratospheric ozone layer depletion by greenhouse gases
with special reference to methane production from Indian livestock
Research
Papers
8. N.K.S. GOWDA, C.S. PRASAD, J.V. RAMANA
AND M.T. SHIVARAMAIAH
Mineral
status of soils, feeds, fodders and animals in coastal agri-eco
zone of Karnataka
9.
S.K. MAHANTA, SULTAN SINGH, G.H. PALIAN, R.S. UPADHYAY, JYOTSNA BEHL
AND V.C. PACHAURI
Nutritional
status and growth performance of female calves fed on forage based
low grain diets
10.
C. ANBARASU, N. DUTT AND K. SHARMA
Use
of leafmeal mixture as a protein supplement in the ration of goats
fed on wheat straw
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Short
Communications
11. S.M. TUMBARE, A.A. SHAH AND S.V. DESHMUKH
Urea
ammoniated wheat straw as value added straws in complete feed of
sheep
12.
H.V. DHARNE, M.M. MATHUR, R.S. GUPTA AND N. ARORA
Performance
of growing chicks on non-cereal rations
13.
P. SURESHKUMAR, S.K. TOMAR AND S.S. SENGAR
Effect
of dietary levels of ammoniated wheat straw with rice bran on rumen
metabolism in buffaloes
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Review
Paper
Global
Warming and Stratospheric Ozone Layer Depletion by Greenhouse Gases
with Special Reference to Methane Production from Indian Livestock
M.Y.
Khan1, Farah Khan2 and N. Haque*
Division
of Animal Nutrition
Indian
Veterinary Research Institute
Izatnagar-243122,
India
(Received
May 15, 2001)
ABSTRACT
Climate
change following large scale industrialization has drawn world wide
attention. Rise in global human population at an annual growth of
two per cent, with increased rate of energy consumption (4%) and
global poverty which delays the adoption of eco-friendly technologies
are stated to be the main reasons for increasing atmospheric concentration
of greenhouse gases leading to global warming and depletion of protective
ozone layer in the stratosphere. It is stated that until the level
of emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere is maintained
at the year 1990 level, the sufferings inflicted on mankind will
reach to a point of no return. However, political awareness of the
problem and intergovernmental accords have started to show results.
This paper reviews some of the recent information on contribution
of greenhouse gases on climate change with special reference to
methane, whose contribution from animals and paddy fields is about
150 million tonnes per year. Indian livestock is estimated to produce
about 9 million tonnes of methane/year.
Key words: Global warming, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse
gases, Methane
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Research
Papers
Mineral
Status of Soils, Feeds, Fodders and Animals in Coastal Agri-Eco
Zone of Karnataka
N.K.S.
Gowda*, C.S. Prasad, J.V. Ramana and M.T. Shivaramaiah
Animal
Nutrition Division
National
Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology
Bangalore-560
030, India
(Received
February 6, 2001)
ABSTRACT
Mineral
(calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, copper, zinc and iron) status of
soil, feeds/fodders and blood samples of animals from coastal zone
of Karnataka was studied. Extractable Ca (0.15%) and Mg (0.02%)
level in soil was slightly higher than the critical level but the
levels of P, Cu, Zn and Fe in soil was much higher than the critical
levels. Paddy straw which is the major roughage source in this zone
contained high silica (10.92-11.15%) and was low in most of the
minerals estimated. Cultivated green fodders and local grasses were
moderate to good sources of Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn and Fe. Tree leaves and
top feeds contained higher amount of Ca (0.8-1.70%), Zn (82-110
ppm) and Fe (1480-2710 ppm). Wheat bran and rice polish contained
high P (1.5-2.05%) and Fe (457-668 ppm). Copper (0.57 ppm) and zinc
(0.91 ppm) were low in the blood plasma of the animals in this zone.
About 40% of the animals screened showed lower plasma Cu and Zn
values. However, the blood levels of Ca, P, Mg and Fe were within
the normal limits. Supplementing green fodders, top feeds which
are good sources of Cu and Zn could be a practical approach to overcome
the deficiency and/or providing region specific mineral mixture
could be an alternative approach.
Key words: Minerals, Soil, Feeds, Fodders, Blood
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Nutritional
Status and Growth Performance of Female Calves Fed on Forage Based
Low Grain Diets
S.K.
Mahanta*, Sultan Singh, G.H. Pailan, R.S. Upadhyay1, Jyotsna Behl2
and V.C. Pachauri
Plant
Animal Relationship Division
Indian
Grassland and Fodder Research Institute,
Jhansi
- 284 003, India
(Received
February 17, 2001)
ABSTRACT
Twenty
one growing crossbred (Jersey X Tharparkar) female calves (87.04±7.09
kg), divided into 3 groups (G1, G2 and G3) of 7 animals each, were
fed on a composite diet of wheat straw (ad libitum), berseem hay
and concentrate mixture. Barley grain in concentrate mixture of
control group (G1) was replaced with wheat bran (around 80%) in
experimental groups (G2 and G3). While concentrate mixture of G1
and G2 groups contained groundnut cake (GNC), it was completely
replaced with mustard cake (MSC) on nitrogen basis in G3 group.
Calves were fed concentrate mixture to meet 60% of the protein requirement
and the rest 40% was met through berseem hay. The experimental feeding
was continued for 120 days. Average daily DM intake and digestibilities
of DM, OM, CP, EE, NDF, ADF and cellulose were comparable among
the dietary groups. Average daily gain (ADG) of calves were 448,
441 and 384 g in G1, G2 and G3 groups, respectively and the differences
were nonsignificant. Average daily intake of DM, CP and TDN per
kg live weight gain were more (P> 0.05) in calves of G3 group and
ranged from 8.37 to 7.00, 1.20 to 1.04 and 5.13 to 4.20 kg, respectively,
amongst the groups. Dietary variation did not influence the concentration
of blood glucose, plasma protein and plasma urea nitrogen
Keywords: Female calves, low grain diet, nutritional status,
growth performance.
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Use
of Leafmeal Mixture as a Protein Supplement in the Rations of Goats
fed Wheat Straw
C.
Anbarasu1, Narayan Dutta* and K. Sharma
Centre
for Advanced Studies in Animal Nutrition
Indian
Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122, India
(Received
March 27, 2001)
ABSTRACT
An
experiment was carried out to examine the replacement value of Leucaena
leucocephala-Morus alba-Tectona grandis (2:1:1) leaf meal mixture
as a nitrogen source in conventional supplements for female goats
(12). The goats were offered wheat straw ad libitum and supplemented
with either leaf meal mixture based concentrate (LMTM), ground-nut
cake based concentrate (GNC) or soybean meal incorporated concentrate
(SBM) in a completely randomized design for a period of 15 weeks.
The goats given LMTM or GNC had comparable intake g/kg W0.75 of
dry-matter, which was significantly higher than their counterparts
fed SBM. The digestibility of various nutrients, except for depressed
digestibility (P<0.05) of CP and hemicellulose in SBM group, was
comparable among goats on different supplements. Nitrogen intake
and its faecal excretion were similar irrespective of diets. However,
the urinary excretion of nitrogen in goats given GNC was significantly
(P<0.05) higher relative to comparable excretion in goats on LMTM
and SBM diets. The balance of nitrogen (g/day) was positive in all
the goats though it was significantly (P<0.05) higher in animals
on LMTM or SBM as compared to GNC. The DCP and TDN values of the
composite diets offered were comparable among dietary treatments.
The plane of nutrition on all the diets was close to stipulated
NRC requirements. It may be concluded that leaf meal mixture could
be used as a supplement like oil cakes when wheat straw as basal
feed is limiting the nutrient intake of goats; and that Leucaena-Morus-Tectona
leaf meal mixture could contribute up to 20 per cent of the total
DM intake.
Key
words: Goats, Supplementation, Wheat straw, Leafmeal mixture.
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Short
Communications
Urea
Ammoniated Wheat Straw as Value Added Straw in Complete Feed of
Sheep
S.M.
Tumbare, A.A. Shah and S.V. Deshmukh*
Department
of Animal Nutrition
College
of Veterinary and Animal Sciences
Marathwada
Agricultural University
Parbhani-431
402, India
(Received
February 13, 2001)
ABSTRACT
Two
complete feeds containing untreated (CR1) and urea treated (CR2)
wheat straw each at 60% level were evaluated for their nutritive
value in Mutton Synthetic x Deccani Sheep. The DM intake was 0.841
and 0.763 kg for CR1 and CR2, respectively. The nutrient digestibility
except for crude fibre was similar in both the groups. The per cent
DCP and TDN content of CR1 and CR2 diets were 5.35 and 56.10 and
6.93 and 54.49, respectively. Both the rations could maintain the
sheep with an average gain in body weight of 60-70 g/d. The feed
efficiency and cost of feeding was superior on CR2 diet.
Key words: Wheat straw, Urea-ammoniation, Complete feed,
Sheep
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Performance
of Growing Chicks
on
Non-Cereal Rations
H.V.
Dharne, M.M. Mathur*, R.S. Gupta and N. Arora
Department
of Animal Nutrition
College
of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry
Jabalpur-482
001, India
(Received
February 17, 2001)
ABSTRACT
Three
dietary treatments including one control (D1) and two non-cereal
diets (D2 and D3) were evaluated in White Leg Horn chicks from 9
to 20 weeks of age. All diets were iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric
except for D2 (low energy). The consumption of non-cereal feed with
low energy (D2) was significantly more (P<0.05) than chicks fed
D1 (6722.59 vs 6508.74 g). There were no significant differences
in gain in body weight and feed efficiency. The albumen index and
haugh unit were significantly low (P<0.05) in D2. The low energy
diet was cheaper by Rs. 5.89/kg gain than D1. Results indicated
that low energy non-cereal diet (CP 16%, ME 2300 Kcal/kg) had no
adverse effect on the growth or sexual maturity of the growing female
chicks between 9-20 weeks, hence can be used safely at farmer's
level.
Key words: Chicks, Rice-polish, Growth, Sexual maturity,
Egg quality.
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Effect
of Dietary Levels of Ammoniated Wheat Straw with Rice Bran on
Rumen
Metabolism
in Buffaloes
P.
Sureshkumar, S.K. Tomar* and S.S. Sengar
Animal
Nutrition Division
Indian
Veterinary Research Institute
Izatnagar-243
122, India
(Received
July 31, 2000)
ABSTRACT
Three
complete diets (D1, D2, D3) containing 50, 60 and 70 per cent ammoniated
wheat straw and 37, 27 and 17 per cent deoiled rice bran, respectively,
alongwith molasses (10%), mineral mixture (2%) and common salt (1%)
were fed to three rumen fistulated male buffaloes ad libitum in
a 3 x 3 latin square design. The rumen liquor samples collected
at 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 h post-feeding were analysed for nitrogen (N)
fractions, total volatile fatty acids and pH. Total N and non-protein
N peaked at 6 h post-feeding, whereas trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-precipitable
N and ammonia N were at peak at 8 h post-feeding. Significantly
higher (P<0.05) ammonia and TCA precipitable nitrogen were recorded
in rumen liquor of the animals offered highest level of ammoniated
wheat straw.
Key words: Ammoniaton, Wheat straw, Complete diets, Rumen
fermentation
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