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1. D.V.R. PRAKASH
RAO AND N. MURALIDHARA RAO
Survey
and utilization of solid wastes of leather industry in Tamil Nadu
2.
S.S. SIKKA AND J.S. CHAWLA
Influence
of enzyme supplementation of wheat and rice kani based diets on
the performance of broilers
3.
P. DAS, S. BISWAS, T. K. GHOSH AND S. HALDAR
Micronutrient
status of dairy cattle maintained by farmers in the new alluvial
zone of West Bengal
4.
D.P. MONDAL AND A.K. GARG
Effect
of feeding untreated and water washed neem (Azadirachta indica A
juss) seed kernel cake on rumen enzyme profile and fermentation
pattern in crossbred calves
5.
G.P. MANDAL, C.K. KURAR AND NEELAM KEWALRAMANI
Effect
of methionine and lysine supplementation on dry matter intake, nutrient
utilization and growth in buffalo calves
6.
A.K. MISRA, A.S. MISHRA, M.K. TRIPATHI, R. PRASAD AND R.C. JAKHMOLA
Effect
of graded levels of concentrate and nitrogen replacement on dry
matter digestibility of untreated and alkaline hydrogen peroxide
treated mustard (Brassica campestris) straw in vitro
7.
R.K. DHURIA, O.P. MATHUR, G.R. PUROHIT AND DEEPIKA DHURIA
Effect
of various treatments on in situ degradability of wheat straw in
the rumen of sheep
8.
M.K. TRIPATHI, A.K. MISRA, A.S. MISHRA AND S.A. KARIM
Utilization
of mineral and their content in Longisimus dorsi muscle of lambs
maintained on groundnut or mustard meal diets
Short Communications
9.
A.K. GARG, A. SAHOO, B.M. ARORA AND N.N. PATHAK
Utilisation
of cereal green fodder in black buck and different species of deer
under semi-captivity
10.
R.C. SAHA, R.B. SINGH AND P.K. ROY
Effect
of feeding locally made concentrate mixture on milk production
in crossbred cows in some districts of West Bengal
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Research
Papers
Survey
and Utilization of Solid Wastes of Leather Industry in Tamil Nadu
D.V.R.
Prakash Rao* and N. Muralidhara Rao
Research
and Development Laboratory
Prakash
Feed Mills
Chennai
- 600 029, India
(Received
October 01, 2001)
ABSTRACT
The
processing of rawhides and skins generate large quantities of solid
wastes, which are conjugates of protein with carbohydrate and fat.
A survey was conducted from 1993 -1995 in 91 tanneries around Chennai
to evaluate the availability of these solid wastes. The survey showed
that 150 tons of limed fleshings and 2448 tons of chrome shavings
were produced in 91 tanneries during 1994-95. An estimate suggests
that 140 tons of fleshings, 60 tons of chrome shavings and 40 tons
of trimmings are generated per day in Tamil Nadu. The utilization
of these wastes have great significance in the environmental perspective.
The limed fleshings can be converted into fleshing meal, trimmings
into dog chews and chrome shavings into leather meal. Since the
raw by-products of these meals are available in large quantities
in tanneries, it is recommended that they may be incorporated as
dietary source of animal protein in the poultry feeds.
Key words: Solid wastes, Leather industry, Alternative
feeds.
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Influence
of Enzyme Supplementation of Wheat and Rice Kani Based Diets on
the
Performance
of Broilers
S.S.
Sikka* and J.S. Chawla
Department
of Animal Nutrition
Punjab
Agricultural University
Ludhiana
- 141 004, India
(Received
Januray 20, 2001)
ABSTRACT
An
experiment was conducted on one week old broilers to see the effect
of supplementing exogenous enzymes on the performance of the broilers.
Avizyme-1500, a commercial multi-enzyme mixture was supplemented
at a level of 0.1% in the wheat and rice kani based diets and fed
to the broilers from 1-6 weeks of age. The data indicated that body
weight and gain in weight of the broilers was significantly (P<0.01)
affected by supplementing the enzymes. Treatment means for body
weights and gain in weight significantly (P<0.05) differed from
each other. Feed consumption of broilers fed wheat plus avizyme
diet was significantly (P<0.01) less than the other dietary treatments.
Enzyme supplementation significantly (P<0.05) improved the feed
conversion, protein consumed per unit gain and caloric conversion
ratio over the non-supplemented groups. Irrespective of the enzyme,
the performance of birds fed wheat or rice kani diets with respect
to weight gain, feed consumption, efficiency of feed, protein and
energy utilization was significantly (P<0.01) better in rice kani
based diets. Similarly, the cumulative effects of avizyme irrespective
of the cereals indicated significant (P<0.01) reduction in feed
consumption along with significant (P<0.01) improvement in the efficiency
of dry matter and energy utilization.
Key words: Enzyme, Wheat, Rice kani, Broilers.
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Micronutrient
Status of Dairy Cattle Maintained by Farmers in the New Alluvial
Zone of West Bengal
P.
Das, S. Biswas, T. K. Ghosh* and S. Haldar
Department
of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Science
West
Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences
37
Khudiram Bose Sarani, Kolkata - 700 037, India
(Received
March 13, 2001)
ABSTRACT
A
survey was conducted in the new alluvial zone of West Bengal to
find out the role of feeding practice and farm management system
on certain micronutrient status of dairy cattle. Farmers were divided
into three categories viz. small, medium and large according to
the size of their animal holding and allied economic criteria. Grazing
and feeding of paddy straw was common in all the three groups of
farmers. Supplementing the animals with single unit concentrate
(deoiled rice bran, DORB or mustard cake) or multiple unit concentrate
(DORB, mustard cake, gram or mung chuni and wheat bran) was found
in the medium and large farmers, respectively. No difference was
found in the plasma concentrations of Ca (10.40, 10.27 and 10.24
mg %), P (5.78,5.66 and 5.56 mg %), Cu (0.94, 0.88 and 0.81 ppm),
Fe (3.68, 2.60 and 2.59 ppm) and Zn (1.91, 1.84 and 1.79 ppm) observed
in the animals of small, medium and large categories of farmers,
respectively. The Ca and P were deficient in paddy straw (0.07-0.17
and 0.01-0.07 mg%, respectively). Ca deficiency was observed in
wheat bran (0.09-0.15 mg%) and gram chuni (0.13-0.24 mg%). Fe concentration
in all the feeds and fodders was far above the normal critical level.
Marginal Cu deficiency in hybrid napier (2.7-3.0 ppm) and that of
Zn was observed in para grass (20.0-23.0 ppm) and gram chuni (12.4-16.8
ppm). Other feeds and fodder were found to be fairly rich in these
micronutrients which could fulfil the requirements of the animals
within the limits of their intake.
Key words: Dairy cattle, Micronutrient, Blood plasma, New
Alluvial Zone.
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Effect
of Feeding Untreated and Water Washed Neem (Azadirachta indica A
juss) Seed Kernel Cake on Rumen Enzyme Profile and Fermentation
Pattern in Crossbred Calves
D.P.
Mondal1 and A.K. Garg*
Centre
of Advanced Studies in Animal Nutrition
Indian
Veterinary Research Institute
Izatnagar
- 243 122, India
(Received
March 13, 2001)
ABSTRACT
Present
experiment was conducted to study the effect of feeding neem seed
kernel cake (NSKC) and water washed NSKC (WWNSKC) on rumen fermentation
pattern and enzyme profile. Three rumen fistulated crossbred male
calves (198±5.7 kg) were fed 3 different iso-nitrogenous concentrate
mixtures having either deoiled groundnut cake (DGNC, control, A),
neem seed kernel cake (NSKC, B) or water washed NSKC (WWNSKC, C)
as the major protein source in a 3 X 3 switch over Latin square
design. Strained rumen liquor (SRL) and rumen content (RC) samples
were collected after 4 hr of concentrate feeding for 3 consecutive
days after three weeks of experimental feeding on each ration in
each phase. Feeding of NSKC and WWNSKC, while had no adverse effect
on rumen pH, total volatile fatty acids concentration, holotrichs
count, and activities of amylase, xylanase and CM-cellulase; there
was, however, a significant depression in the total-N, NH3-N, TCA
soluble-N, total protozoa count, and activities of urease and protease
enzymes. Medium size and total spirotrichs were, while significantly
reduced with the feeding of NSKC, these were comparable in WWNSKC
and DGNC groups. It was deduced that the medium size and total pirotrich
protozoa count may be used as an indicator to test if a neem seed
cake has been properly water washed and made suitable for animal
feeding.
Key words: Neem seed cake, Processing, Rumen fermentation,
Calves.
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Effect
of Methionine and Lysine Supplementation on Dry Matter Intake, Nutrient
Utilization and Growth in Buffalo Calves
G.P.
Mandal*, C.K. Kurar and Neelam Kewalramani
Dairy
Cattle Nutrition Division
National
Dairy Research Institute
Karnal
- 132 001, India
(Received
April 30, 2001)
ABSTRACT
Ten
Murrah Buffalo calves above 6 month of age were divided into two
groups of 5 each. All the animals were fed on a concentrate mixture
(CP=22.19%), green oats (2 kg) and wheat straw ad lib. The animals
under group II (G-II) received supplemental methionine (10 g/d/head)
and lysine (20 g/d/head) while other group (G-I) not receiving methionine
and lysine served as control. The feeding trial continued for 100
days and a metabolism trial of 7 days collection period was conducted
at mid-period of the trial. During the experimental period the growth
rate was significantly (p<0.05) higher in G-II (0.523 kg/d), than
in G-I (0.37 kg/d). Amino acids supplementation also improved (p<0.05)
digestibility of NDF while that of DM, OM, CP, CF, ADF were similar
to the corresponding control values. The daily DM intake per 100
kg body weight (2.38 in G-II vs 2.13 in G-I) was higher (P<0.01)
in G-II. The calves of G-II also consumed (p<0.01) more protein
than G-I. Feed gain and TDN: gain ratio did not differ statistically.
It was concluded that methionine and lysine supplementation had
a significant and positive effect on dry matter intake and body
weight gain.
Key words: Methionine, Lysine, Nutrient utilization, Growth,
Buffalo.
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Effect
of Graded Levels of Concentrate and Nitrogen Replacement on Dry
Matter Digestibility of Untreated and Alkaline Hydrogen Peroxide
Treated Mustard (Brassica campestris) Straw In Vitro
A.K.
Misra*, A.S. Mishra, M.K. Tripathi, R. Prasad
and
R.C. Jakhmola
Division
of Animal Nutrition
Central
Sheep and Wool Research Institute
Avikanagar
- 304 501, India
(Received
July 12, 2001)
In
vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of untreated (UMS) and alkaline
hydrogen peroxide (1.0% NaOH+1.5% H2O2; w/w) treated mustard straw
(AHPMS) was assessed at various inclusion levels of concentrate
(0, 20, 30, 40 and 50 per cent of substrate on DM basis), replacing
0, 14, 28, 42 and 100 per cent CP or equivalent nitrogen (N) content
of the substrate through urea. Substrate having various combinations
of concentrate (5 levels) and N replacement (5 levels) with UMS
and AHPMS (2 straw type) were incubated for 48 h in an in vitro
fermentation system. Effect of all the three factors (straw type,
levels of concentrate, levels of N replacement) on IVDMD of UMS
and AHPMS were significant (P<0.01). The AHP treatment of mustard
straw (MS) improved IVDMD of MS by four units. A significant (P<
0.01) linear correlation (r2=0.81) was observed with IVDMD and the
levels of concentrate additions in the substrate incubated with
UMS or AHPMS. Within the straw type, the response of AHPMS was higher
(P<0.05) to every incremental level of concentrate inclusion in
the substrate. The N replacement levels and IVDMD of UMS and AHPMS
was negatively correlated (r2= -0.79). Whereas, the IVDMD of straw
portion of UMS and AHPMS showed a different pattern and it was higher
at 20 to 30 per cent concentrate inclusion with 14 to 28 percent
N replacement levels respectively in UMS and AHPMS. There was no
associated effect of concentrate levels vs N replacement levels,
straw type vs N replacement levels and concentrate level vs N replacement
levels vs straw type. It is concluded that a mustard straw (untreated
or treated) based diet containing 20-30 per cent concentrate mixture
is suitable to support optimum rumen fermentation in vitro. The
urea can be used to replace 14 to 28 per cent dietary nitrogen without
any adverse effect on in vitro fermentation of mustard straw based
diets. The study suggests that a mustard straw based complete diet
can be formulated with 20 to 30 per cent concentrate and 0.59 to
1.18 per cent urea in total diet.
Key words: Mustard
straw, Urea, Concentrate, Nitrogen, In vitro, Dry matter digestibility.
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Effect
of Various Treatments on In Situ
Degradability
of Wheat Straw in the Rumen of Sheep
R.K.
Dhuria*, O.P. Mathur, G.R. Purohit and Deepika Dhuria
Department
of Animal Nutrition
College
of Veterinary and Animal Science
Bikaner
- 334 001, India
(Received
July 18, 2001)
ABSTRACT
An
experiment was conducted with three adult male rumen fistulated
sheep by incubating samples of wheat straw untreated (T1), treated
with urea (T2), liquid ammonia (T3) and urine (T4) in the ventral
sac of rumen in duplicate for 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hr, to
determine effect of various treatments on degradation rate of wheat
straw in the rumen. The treatment of wheat straw with various nitrogen
sources increased the crude protein content from 3.31 per cent in
T1 to 9.24, 8.75 and 10.20 per cent in T2, T3 and T4, respectively.
A significant (P<0.01) improvement in dry matter, nitrogen and cellulose
degradability was noticed due to effect of treatment in all the
three (T2, T3 and T4) treatments. Maximum average degradability
was observed for dry matter in T3, nitrogen in T2 and cellulose
in T4. The effective degradability of dry matter, nitrogen and cellulose
was found to be maximum in T3, T4 and T2 groups, respectively at
12, 24 and 48 hrs of incubation. The RDN values of untreated and
treated wheat straw were found to be 23.02, 52.91, 55.33 and 59.60
per cent for T1, T2, T3 and T4 treatments respectively. It was concluded
that nutrients locked-up in wheat straw could be effectively used
in ruminants by applying any of the aforesaid nitrogen sources.
Key words : Wheat straw, Degradability, Rumen, Sheep.
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Utilization
of Mineral and Their Content in Longisimus dorsi Muscle of Lambs
Maintained
on
Groundnut or Mustard Meal Diets
M.K.
Tripathi*, A.K. Misra, A.S. Mishra and S.A. Karim
Division
of Animal Nutrition
Central
Sheep and Wool Research Institute
Avikanagar
- 304 501, India
(Received
September 22, 2001)
ABSTRACT
Twenty
four weaner Avivastra (Russian Merino X Nali) male lambs were divided
into two equal groups and fed concentrate mixtures containing groundnut
meal (GN) or mustard meal (MM) to meet protein requirements. Ground
cenchrus (Cenchrus ciliaris) was fed free choice to meet energy
requirement. A digestibility trial of 7 days was conducted to assess
mineral utilization. Animals were slaughtered after 90 days of experimental
feeding to estimate mineral content of muscles. The content of Na
was 1.25, 2.4 and 2.6; K 15.0, 19.9 and 2.6; Mg 3.4, 3.3 and 3.1
g/ kg DM, respectively, in mustard meal, groundnut meal and cenchrus
hay. The absorption of K and Mg was higher in MM fed lambs while
Na absorption was higher in GN fed lambs. The Cu content was similar
in groundnut and mustard meal. The Zn content was higher (45.36
mg) in groundnut meal, however, Mn was higher (87.5 mg /kg DM) in
mustard meal. The absorption of Cu was higher in GN fed lambs than
MM fed lambs. The Zn absorption was higher in GN lambs, while Mn
absorption was higher in MM lambs. Muscle contents (g/kg) of Na,
K and Mg were 7.1, 5.6 and 1.1 in GN group and 4.8, 6.6 and 4.7
in MM group, respectively. The Cu, Zn and Mn contents (mg/kg) were
2.76, 229.95 and 2.89 mg in GN group and 0.44, 189.25 and 2.36 mg
in MM groups, respectively. The Na, Cu and Zn contents were higher
in muscle of GN compared to that of MM fed lambs. It is concluded
that macro (sodium, potassium and magnesium) and micro (copper and
manganese) minerals were adequate in diet except zinc which was
higher. Copper absorption was negative and muscle copper content
was lower in lambs fed mustard meal containing concentrate mixture,
this needs further investigations. Other minerals studied in muscle
were adequate for human consumption.
Key words : Mineral utilization, Muscle minerals, Lambs.
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Short
Communication
Utilisation
of Cereal Green Fodder in Black buck and Different Species of Deer
Under
Semi-captivity
A.K.
Garg, A. Sahoo*, B.M. Arora1 and N.N. Pathak
Animal
Nutrition Division
Indian
Veterinary Research Institute
Izatnagar
- 243 122, India
(Received
May 25, 2001)
ABSTRACT
Black
buck (Antilope cervicapra) and three species of deer, viz., swamp
deer (Cervus d. duvauceli), hog deer (Axis porcinus) and spotted
deer (Axis) raised under semicaptive environment were compared for
their nutritional efficacy on cereal green fodder feeding. These
wild animals were fed ad libitum green fodder, viz. jowar (Sorghum
vulgare) and maize (Zea mays) in subsequent periods as sole feed.
Digestibility of different nutrients, viz. DM, OM, CP, EE, ADF,
NDF, hemicellulose, total carbohydrate and gross energy (GE) were
determined using indicator technique. The digestibility of almost
all the nutrients was highest in the spotted dear followed by black
buck and hog deer and lowest in swamp deer. The digestibility of
most of the nutrients was similar in black buck and hog deer except
for CP which was higher in hog deer as compared to black buck. Between
male and female black bucks, the utilisation of nutrients was better
in the females. The digestibility values are close to that of practical
feeding trial values. The cereal green fodder with about 70 per
cent TDN and 8 per cent DCP is expected to meet the protein and
energy need of animal for moderate production.
Key words: Cereal fodder, Digestibility, Utilization, Deer,
Captivity.
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Effect
of Feeding Locally Made Concentrate Mixture on Milk Production in
Crossbred Cows
in
Some Districts of West Bengal
R.C.
Saha*, R.B. Singh and P.K. Roy
Eastern
Regional Station
National
Dairy Research Institute
Kalyani
- 741 235, India
(Received
October 22, 2001)
ABSTRACT
Six
lactating crossbred (Jersey x Tharparkar) cows (average BW 319±20
kg) in their late lactation were either fed on an experimental concentrate
mixture made of local feeds or a commercial concentrate mixture
(control) for 24 days. The respective concentrate mixtures along
with green hybrid napier (10 kg/day) and ad libitum paddy straw
were fed to each cow in both the groups to meet nutrients requirements.
Average DMI (% BW) was 3.40±0.24 and 3.26±0.18 kg in the experimental
and control groups, respectively and the difference was not significant
(P>0.05). Average DMI/kg milk production was 2.15±0.15 and 1.94±0.14
kg in the respective groups which differed significantly (P<0.05).
Average daily milk production of the cows was 5.07±0.43 and 5.37±0.40
kg in the respective groups which varied significantly (P>0.05).
Average daily feed cost was Rs. 27.14±1.24 and 32.41±1.17 and feed
cost per kg milk production was Rs. 5.45±0.23 and 6.11±0.23 in the
experimental and control groups, respectively showing significant
(P<0.01) difference in the economics of milk production. The study
implied that feeding of the experiment concentrate mixture made
out of locally available feed ingredient is more economical.
Key words: Concentrate mixture, Local feeds, Milk production,
Cost of feeding.
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