Review Papers
1. B. SINGH AND T.K.
BHAT
Review
Papers
Tannins
Revisited - Changing Perceptions
their
Effects on Animal System
B.
Singh* and T. K. Bhat
Regional
Station
Indian
Veterinary Research Institute
Palampur
- 176 061, India
(Received
September 16, 2000)
ABSTRACT
Tannins
are a prominent class of compounds which constitute the plant secondary
metabolites group. The two major structural groups of tannins are
hydrolyzable tannins and condensed tannins. Due to their widespread
nature and ability to complex with proteins and other biomolecules,
they exert both harmful and beneficial effects on organisms. Hydrolyzable
tannins have toxic effect on the animals that feed on forages rich
in these tannins. High concentrations of dietary condensed tannins
(6-12% DM) depress voluntary feed intake, digestive efficiency and
animal productivity. In contrast, forages containing moderate concentrations
of condensed tannins (2-4% DM) can exert beneficial effects on protein
metabolism in ruminants especially sheep, by slowing degradation
of dietary protein to ammonia by rumen microorganisms and increasing
protein outflow from the rumen. This results in the increased absorption
of amino acids in the small intestine and ultimately leads to increases
in lactation, wool growth and live weight gain, without changing
voluntary feed intake of the animal. Dietary condensed tannins can
also contribute to improved animal health by reducing the detrimental
effects of internal parasites in small ruminants and the risk of
bloat in cattle. Therefore, forages containing moderate concentrations
of condensed tannins can increase sustainability and productivity
in intensive grazing systems through increasing the efficiency of
animal production, decreasing urinary nitrogen excretion and reducing
chemical inputs such as anthelmintics and detergents to control
rumen bloat in cattle.
Key words:
Hydrolyzable tannins; Condensed tannins; Negative effects; Positive
effects
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Interaction
of Nutrition and Infection in Poultry
-
A Review
A.B.
Mandal*, A. V. Elangovan and S. V. S. Verma
Division
of Avian Nutrition and Feed Technology
Central
Avian Research Institute
Izatnagar
- 243 122
(Received
September 6, 2000)
Nutrition
is one of the major areas of importance amongst the acquired characteristics
in relation to disease resistance. Nutrition of the host may affect
pathogenesis either synergistically or antagonistically. In synergistic
cases the host's impaired nutritional status tends to decrease the
resistance for a pathogen. In antagonistic interaction impaired
nutrition protests the host against the virulence of the pathogen,
or infection may improve the nutritional status. Not a single nutrient
acts prophylactically against infection. However, impaired nutrition
is associated with reduced capacity of host to form specific antibodies,
decrease in the phagocytic activity, altered tissue integrity, diminished
inflammatory response, collagen formation and wound healing, and
decreased antibody affinity and complement system. Again nutrition
does not influence to a particular infection. Feeding management,
different feed additives and toxins may also influence the immunocompetence
of the birds. The present review highlights the mainstream research
and speculates on areas, which need consideration.
Key words:
Disease, Feed toxins, Immunity, Interaction, Nutrients, Probiotics.
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Research
Papers
Performance of
Crossbred Calves on AcidProcessed or Copper and Iodine Supplemented
High Glucosinolate Mustard Meal Incorporation Diets
M.
K. Tripathi*, I. S. Agrawal and S. D. Sharma
Department
of Animal Science
G.
B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology
Pantnagar
- 263 145, India
(Received
June 11, 2000)
The
performance of growing calves was assessed on hydrochloric acid
(HCl) treated (16 ml HCl per kg meal raising the moisture content
to nearly 40 percent, diffused for 72 hrs. followed by heating at
180o C for 2h, (T2), copper and iodine supplemented (500 mg each
per kg meal as CuSO4 and Kl, respectively (T3) and untreated mustard
(Brassica juncea) meal (T4) incorporated diets, completely replacing
soybean meal of control diet (T1), in a 24 weeks growth trial, with
6 crossbred (Jersey x Sahiwal) calves in each treatment. The calves
fed T2 diet gained more weight (P<0.05) as compared to those on
T1 diet. The ADG as the highest in T2 (413g), followed by T3 (339g),
T1 (328g) and T4(194g). HCl treatment, copper and iodine supplementation
improved DM intake and digestibility of nutrients. The DCP and ME
intake per unit metabolic body size was similar (P>0.05) among soybean
meal, HCl treated and copper and iodine supplemented groups, but
was higher (P<0.05) as compared to untreated mustard meal diet.
Body composition of calves in four groups was similar; the total
body water, protein and fat content ranged, respectively, from 45.6
to 59.6, 12.6 to 16.8 and 18.6 to 35.8 per cent of the body weight.
Mustard meal after HCl treatment can be utilized as suitable substitute
for soybean meal in the diet of growing crossbred calves.
Key words:
Mustard meal; Glucosinolate; Copper; Iodine; HCl treatment; Calves.
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Growth,
survival and tissue composition of
Macrobrachium
rosenbergii (de Man) post larvae
Fed
traditionally or with live feed
P.
K. Nanda* and N. P. Sahu1
Central
Institute of Fisheries Education
Versova,
Mumbai - 400 061, India
(Received
July 21, 2000)
Six
hundred and thirty post-larvae (PL-10) of fresh water prawn, Macrobrachium
rosenbergii weighing 48 to 50 mg with a body length of 18.0 to 18.3
mm were randomly distributed in three treatment groups having three
replications each to study the comparative performance of PL fed
with traditional (GNC: RB, 1:1) or live feeds (Moina and Artemia
nauplii) for a period of 30 days. Feeding was done twice a day at
08.00 and 17.00 hrs. The traditional feed was offered at 10% of
the body weight of PL to D1 group while 250 numbers of Moina and
Artemia nauplii were offered per PL to D2 and D3 groups, respectively,
which ensured ad lib intake. The physico-chemical parameters and
pH were observed at every third day to monitor the water quality
during the experiment. Sampling of biomass were done at every ten
days interval to assess length, weight and percent weight gain were
calculated. Body composition and survival rates were also worked
out at the end of the experiment. After rearing for 30 days the
average body weight, body length, percent weight gain and survival
rate were significantly (P<0.01) higher in D2 to D3 groups than
those of D1 group. Although, insignificant (P>0.05) but higher growth
rate and survival rate was recorded in D3 group in comparision to
D2 group. The tissue relationship was recorded between moisture
and fat, moisture and ash content of all the groups.
Key words:
M. rosenbergii, Artemia & Moina feeding, Growth, Tissue composition
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Fate
of Ligno-Cellulosic Components and
Urea
- Nitrogen in Urea - ammoniated Wheat Straw
A.
V. Elangovan*, Jai Kishan and A. Sahoo1
Department
of Animal Nutrition & Feed Technology
College
of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry
Mathura
- 281 001, India
(Received
July 13, 2000)
Effect
of both incubation and exposure time on the loss of ammonia-N was
tested during the process of urea-ammoniation of wheat straw. The
straw chaffed to a size of 5mm length was ammoniated with 5% urea
at 40% moisture level and incubated for 1, 2, 3 & 4 weeks in a air
tight glass desiccator having a capacity of 4 kg. Periodically,
th incubated lots were exposed, and aired over 3x3 sq. ft. area
for the determination of N. Representative samples of ammoniated
straw were collected after 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 14 and 21 days
of exposure to determine the DM, CP, CF, ADF, NDF and lignin content
in the straw. Due to air drying thee was a similar trend in moisture
disappearance in all incubated samples with a DM content of 60%
on day 1 which air dried to reach a figure of 93% on day 21. The
samples from 1 week incubation showed incomplete ammoniation with
a CP content of 16.39% on day 1 and it reduced to 10.19% on day
21, a reduction of only 38% due to higher percentage of residual
urea-N (51%) compared to 3 and 4 weeks incubated samples. Up on
aeration, the CP content on 21st day post exposure was reduced by
38% in 1 and 2 weeks incubated samples compared to 60% in the later.
There was a declining trend in CP content which remained almost
constant at 6 to 7% in both 3 and 4 weeks incubated lot. No significant
difference in CF, ADF and lignin content of treated and untreated
straw was seen. However, a reduction of 2 to 3 units in NDF and
lignocellulose fraction was seen in 3 and 4 weeks incubated samples.
From the study of N input to the straw a meagre of 15% N was retained
in urea-ammoniated straw resulting in a net gain of only about 55%
N by the straw which is available for animal feeding.
Key words:
Urea, ammoniation, straw, ligno-cellulose, nitrogen.
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Effect
of Lactic Acid Bacteria in the Diet of Female
Crossbred
Cattle Calves Fed on Grain based or
Grainless
concentrate Mixtures
K.
C. Das, D. N. Kamra* and N. N. Pathak
Centre
of Advanced Studies in Animal Nutrition
Indian
Veterinary Research Institute
Izatnagar
- 243 122, India
(Received
September 5, 2000)
Thirty
two crossbred (Bos indicus x Bos taurus) female cattle calves were
divided into four groups of 8 animals each i.e. GC (grain based
concentrate with lactic acid bacteria), Gco (grain based concentrate
without lactic culture), GoC (grainless concentrate with lactic
culture) and GoCo (grainless concentrate without lactic culture).
The lactic acid bacteria culture was given in the form of milk fermented
with Lactobacillus acidopilus, L. jugarti and L. casei. The feeding
of lactic acid bacteria resulted in a reduced incidence of diarrhoea
and the number of days on which positive symptoms of diarrhoea were
observed in the animals. The digestibilities of organic matter,
neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre were significantly
higher (P<0.05) on culture supplementation in animals fed on grainless
concentrate. The feed conversion efficiency was improved accompanied
with lower intake of nutrients in probiotic fed animals, but the
differences among the treatment could not cross the levels of statistical
significance.
Key words:
Lactic acid bacteria, calves, probiotics, Lactobacillus, growth,
diarrhoea
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